What is a chromosomal translocation mutation?
A translocation occurs when a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. This type of rearrangement is described as balanced if no genetic material is gained or lost in the cell. If there is a gain or loss of genetic material, the translocation is described as unbalanced . Deletions.
What causes chromosomal translocations?
Translocations generally result from swapping of chromosomal arms between heterologous chromosomes and hence are reciprocal in nature (Figure 1) (8,9). DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are prerequisites for such translocations, although little is known about their generation.
Is translocation gene or chromosomal mutation?
such rejoining occurs within a chromosome, a chromosome segment between the two breakpoints becomes inverted and is thus called an inversion.
What is the effect of translocation mutation?
Translocations are known to affect the expression of genes at the breakpoints and, in the case of unbalanced translocations, alter the gene copy number.
What is an example of translocation?
This newly formed chromosome is called the translocation chromosome. The translocation in this example is between chromosomes 14 and 21. When a baby is born with this type of translocation chromosome in addition to one normal 14 and two normal 21 chromosomes, the baby will have Down syndrome.
What is an example of translocation in plants?
An example of translocation in plants is the movement of sugars from sugar sources to sugar sinks. Sugar sources include sugars either created through photosynthesis or stored in plant parts such as roots, bulbs, and tubers.
What disease is caused by translocation mutation?
Cancer: Several forms of cancer are caused by acquired translocations (as opposed to those present from conception); this has been described mainly in leukemia (acute myelogenous leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia). Translocations have also been described in solid malignancies such as Ewing’s sarcoma.
What is translocation in biology class 10?
Answer: Translocation is a biological mechanism involving the transfer of water and other soluble nutrients from one part of the plant to another through the xylem and phloem, which occurs in all plants.
What is translocation short answer?
What is translocation in plants how it occurs?
For translocation, food molecules enter the part of the phloem called the sieve tubes where they can be transported upwards or downwards to all parts of the plant including roots. Translocation is achieved by utilizing energy from the ATP that provides osmotic pressure required for upward and downward movement of food.
What are the symptoms of Emanuel syndrome?
Clinical characteristics. Emanuel syndrome is characterized by pre- and postnatal growth deficiency, microcephaly, hypotonia, severe developmental delays, ear anomalies, preauricular tags or pits, cleft or high-arched palate, congenital heart defects, kidney abnormalities, and genital abnormalities in males.