How does topography affect earthquake?
Ground surface topography influences the spatial distribution of earthquake-induced ground shaking. This study shows the influence of topography on seismic amplification during the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. Earth surface topography scatters and reflects seismic waves, which causes spatial variation in seismic response.
What is topographic amplification factor?
A ratio, calculated solely from topographic (terrain elevation) data, of the diurnal temperature amplitude or range in a valley to that at the same altitude over the adjacent plain.
How does topography affect earthquake induced landslide?
In the epicentral areas of major recent earthquakes, landslide density scales with peak ground acceleration. Topographic site effects on seismic waves are known to cause important gradients in ground acceleration in individual mountain ridges.
How do earthquake hazards affect infrastructure?
The shaking from an earthquake can turn loose soil into a liquid during an earthquake. Liquefaction can undermine the foundations and supports of buildings, bridges, pipelines, and roads, causing them to sink into the ground, collapse or dissolve.
What are the three major earthquake-induced landslides?
The landslides that occurred during this earthquake can be roughly classified into three types; the rock falls, the landslides with long-distance travel in the volcanic cohesive soil slopes, and the settlement and flow of the artificial slopes.
Why geologic hazard map is a useful tool?
A hazard map is a map that highlights areas that are affected by or are vulnerable to a particular hazard. They are typically created for natural hazards, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, flooding and tsunamis. Hazard maps help prevent serious damage and deaths.
What are the effects of earthquakes on economy?
A typical earthquake reduces GDP per capita by 1.6% eight years later, with substantial heterogeneity by country categories. In particular, low and middle-income countries experience the greatest long-run economic damages while high-income countries may even experience some positive “building back better” effects.
What are three factors that influence the magnitude of the earthquake load on a structure?
The wind load is an external force, the magnitude of which depends upon the height of the building, the velocity of the wind and the amount of surface area that the wind “attacks.” The magnitude earthquake load depends up the mass of the structure, the stiffness of the structural system and the acceleration of the …
What is the term when grains are pushed apart and sand and sediment fills in during an earthquake?
As sediment grains are pushed together, they push on the water that is trapped within the pore spaces. This increases the water pore pressure and causes the grains to separate as they are pushed apart. This is called liquefaction.
What causes earthquake-induced landslide?
When an earthquake occurs, the transmission of seismic waves can cause shaking and vibration of ground surface. This often trigger the collapse of potential landslide areas, which is known as earthquake-induced landslide.
What is an earthquake hazard map?
Seismic hazard is the hazard associated with potential earthquakes in a particular area, and a seismic hazard map shows the relative hazards in different areas. The maps are made by considering what we currently know about: Past faults and earthquakes.
How are earthquakes disturb on the map?
The earthquakes are mainly distributed along the edges of the platonic plates on the map. Explanation: The colored lines show the plate boundaries that may may past each other leading to an earthquake. The map also differentiates the different movements of the plates like rubbing against each other or moving apart.