How is tibial torsion measured?
Tibial torsion was measured as the angle between a line connecting the centers of the medial and lateral malleoli (transmalleolar axis, TMA) and a line perpendicular to the long axis of the thigh (Fig. 2) (Sankar et al., 2009).
What is normal tibial torsion?
Tibial torsion is an inward twisting of the shin bones (the bones that are located between the knee and the ankle). Tibial torsion causes the child’s feet to turn inward, or have what is also known as a “pigeon-toed” appearance. It is typically seen among toddlers.
How is Malleolar torsion measured?
measure the angle formed by an line from the lateral to the medial malleolus, and a second line from the lateral to the medial femoral condyles.
What is the typical angle of tibial torsion seen in adults?
Normally, 20 to 30 degrees of external tibial torsion is present in adults, and the lateral malleolus is slightly posterior to the medial malleolus.
How is tibial torsion measured in CT?
Measurement
- a line through the middle of two ellipses marked by the fibular notch and the medial malleolus. 5,6
- bimalleolar or transmalleolar axis: bisection of the tibial plafond, connecting the most protruding parts of the medial and lateral malleolus to measure tibiofibular torsion. 5,6
How do you measure tibial torsion with a goniometer?
You the use a protractor to measure the angle between the tibial plateau and an imaginary line drawn through the medial and lateral malleoli. This is the transmalleolar angle. You then subtract 5 degrees from this number (remember the talar neck angle?) to get the angle of tibial version (or torsion).
What is the normal range of torsion?
Normal tibial torsion was found to be 21.6 ± 7.6 (range 4.8 to 39.5) with none of the values in internal rotation.
What does thigh foot angle measure?
The hindfoot is held in a neutral position and the axis of the thigh is compared with the axis of the foot. The normal thigh-foot angle is more than 10 to 15 degrees of external rotation and may be up to 30 degrees in young children.
How is femoral version measured?
Femoral anteversion can be determined by measuring the angle formed between the long axis of the femoral neck and a line parallel to the dorsal aspect of the femoral condyles (posterior condylar axis, or PCA) on axial slices at MRI or CT.
What is anteversion?
Anteversion refers to an abnormal forward rotation.
What is a normal thigh-foot angle?
The normal thigh-foot angle is more than 10 to 15 degrees of external rotation and may be up to 30 degrees in young children. Information from references 3 and 7.