How is gamma valerolactone made?
GVL is produced from levulinic acid, which is obtained from hexoses. In a typical process, cellulosic biomasses, such as corn stover, sawgrass, or wood, is hydrolysed into glucose and other sugars using acid catalysts.
How to make GVL?
GVL can be obtained from the lignocellulosic biomass through the reduction and lactonization of levulinic acid (LA). LA is a fatty acid with a ketone and a carboxyl group which can be easily obtained from C6-sugars using acid catalysts (acidic hydrolysis) [5].
What is levulinic acid used for?
Levulinic acid and its derivatives, like sodium levulinate, are used in organic and natural cosmetic compositions for perfuming, skin conditioning and pH-regulating purposes. They give inherent fresh odor, prevent wrinkles and stabilize formulations and emulsions.
What is levulinic acid made of?
Levulinic acid, or 4-oxopentanoic acid, is an organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CH2CH2CO2H. It is classified as a keto acid. This white crystalline solid is soluble in water and polar organic solvents. It is derived from degradation of cellulose and is a potential precursor to biofuels, such as ethyl levulinate.
What is levulinic acid derived from?
Levulinic acid is produced during the hydrolysis of sugars to furans, as a decomposition of unstable HMF (Fig. 6.8). High yield to levulinic acid can be obtained by adjusting the reaction conditions using acid minerals as catalyst (Bozell et al., 2000; Martin Alonso et al., 2010a).
What do lactones do?
Lactones contribute significantly to the flavor of fruit, and of unfermented and fermented dairy products, and are therefore used as flavors and fragrances.
What is Rcoo?
In organic chemistry, a carboxylate is the conjugate base of a carboxylic acid, RCOO − (or RCO−2). It is an ion with negative charge.
Why levulinic acid is important?
Levulinic acid (4-oxopentanoic acid) is an important compound used as a platform chemical in alternative energy production, such as the production of γ-valerolactone (GVL), 5-bromolevulinic acid, valeric acid, 2-methyl-THF, and methyl pyrrolidone [1].
What is the use of levulinic acid?
Levulinic acid is a highly versatile chemical with several industrial uses. Literature shows potential uses as resin, plasticizer, textile, animal feed, coating, and as an antifreeze.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OeHVEFLUb9s