How many amacrine cell types are there?
A complete molecular atlas of retinal cell types provides an important foundation for these studies. We used high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize the most heterogeneous class of retinal interneurons, amacrine cells, identifying 63 distinct types.
What is amacrine cells?
Amacrine cells (ACs) are multipolar retinal neurons branching within the inner plexiform layer of the retina to collect and decode bipolar cell (BC) signals, recoding them as synaptic release patterns of 4-aminobutyrate (gamma aminobutyric acid), glycine, and other neurotransmitters to modulate the activity of ganglion …
How many cell types are in the retina?
Cell circuitry In the retina, five types of neuron — photoreceptors, bipolar cells, retinal ganglion cells, horizontal cells and amacrine cells — are wired together to form one of nature’s most complex circuit boards.
How many cells per mouse retina?
around 6.5 million cells
SO, all together, there are around 6.5 million cells (a bit less) in a mouse retina.
What is a horizontal cell?
Horizontal cells are the laterally interconnecting neurons having cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer of the retina of vertebrate eyes. They help integrate and regulate the input from multiple photoreceptor cells.
How many bipolar cells are in the retina?
There are more than ten types of bipolar cells in the mammalian retina. These typically consist of slightly more ON than OFF types (for examples, see Refs 12,13) plus a single type of rod bipolar cell (Box 1; Fig. 1b). However, this pattern may vary substantially in non-mammalian vertebrates.
What do amacrine cells do in the retina?
The AII amacrine cells are the major carriers of rod signals to the ganglion cells in the retina. As such, they play a role in speeding up the slow potential rod messages for presentation to ganglion cells (18, 31). Their distribution in the retina suggests that they tile the complete retina (32).
What do amacrine cells connect to?
Amacrine cells are inhibitory neurons, and they project their dendritic arbors onto the inner plexiform layer (IPL), they interact with retinal ganglion cells and/or bipolar cells….
| Amacrine cell | |
|---|---|
| Postsynaptic connections | Bipolar cells and Ganglion cells |
| Identifiers | |
| MeSH | D025042 |
| NeuroLex ID | nifext_36 |
What do bipolar cells do in the retina?
Bipolar cells are one of the main retinal interneurons and provide the main pathways from photoreceptors to ganglion cells, i.e. the shortest and most direct pathways between the input and output of visual signals in the retina.
How do horizontal cells work?
Horizontal cells (HCs) and amacrine cells (ACs), two types of retinal interneurons, modulate the information flow from photoreceptors (PRs) to bipolar cells (BCs) in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and from BCs to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), respectively.