What causes type 1 interferon production?
a | Infected cells of the vertebrate body produce type I interferons (IFNs) in response to viral infection and/or contact with viral products. Feedback of type I IFNs onto infected and bystander cells leads to the induction of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which function to block the viral replication cycle.
What stimulates interferon production?
Interferon is secreted by cells in response to stimulation by a virus or other foreign substance, but it does not directly inhibit the virus’s multiplication. Rather, it stimulates the infected cells and those nearby to produce proteins that prevent the virus from replicating within them.
Which viral antigen activates the production of type 1 interferon?
Type I interferons—IFN-α and IFN-β—are derived from monocytes, macrophages, B lymphocytes, and NK cells. However, the most important source of IFN-α is the plasmacytoid DC (pDC), typically reflecting their activation by viral RNA through TLR7 or by immunostimulatory bacterial DNA through TLR9.
What induces the production of type I interferon by virus infected cells?
Recognition of viral and bacterial components by host pattern recognition receptors (PRR) trigger signaling pathways that induce production of type I IFN. Viruses enter cells either by fusion at the plasma membrane or by endocytosis followed by fusion with the endosomal membrane, and entry into the cytoplasm.
What is the type 1 interferon pathway?
Canonical and Non-Canonical IFN Signaling in Antiviral Responses. IFNs are critical effectors of an antiviral response in mammalian cells. Following viral infection, type I IFNs are produced by immune and non-immune cells, bind to and activate IFNAR, and signal through canonical and non-canonical pathways (66–68).
What is the role of type 1 interferons?
Within the immunological milieu, Type I interferons (IFN-I) play a central role in driving an antiviral state in non-immune cells as well as orchestrating antiviral immune responses through: (i) inhibiting viral replication in infected cells in the innate stage of the immune response; (ii) activating and enhancing …
What cell releases interferon?
Type I interferon (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta) is secreted by virus-infected cells while type II, immune or gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) is mainly secreted by T cells, natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages.
Is interferon innate or adaptive?
Interferons were first described as an antiviral factor that interferes with viral replication in mammalian cells (10). They are secreted from infected cells and activate innate immune response that promotes not only cytokine production but also natural killer cell functions and antigen presentation (11, 12).
Is interferon alpha type 1?
All type I IFNs bind to a specific cell surface receptor complex known as the IFN-α receptor (IFNAR) that consists of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 chains. Type I IFNs are found in all mammals, and homologous (similar) molecules have been found in birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish species.
What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 interferon (IFN)?
The type I interferon IFNβ is secreted from, and acts upon, almost all cell types, while IFNα and the type II interferon, IFNγ, although active on most, if not all cell types, are mainly produced from immune cells, with plasmacytoid dendritic cells representing a major source of both IFNα and IFNγ in response to viral infection.
How do interferon-stimulated genes activate virus-induced interferons?
Identification of new type I interferon-stimulated genes and investigation of their involvement in IFN-β activation Virus infection induces the production of type I interferons (IFNs). IFNs bind to their heterodimeric receptors to initiate downstream cascade of signaling, leading to the up-regulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs).
What are interferons (IFNs)?
Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that were first identified almost half a century ago through their antiviral properties. IFNs not only have important antiviral effects but also have a role in antitumor and immunomodulatory responses. There are two major classes of IFNs: type I (IFN- α subtypes, IFN- β, etc.) and type II (IFN- γ ).
Is there a cell type specialized for Type I immunoglobulin type I production?
The first evidence for the existence of a cell type specialized for the production of type I IFNs (IFN-α, IFN-β) came from human studies showing that a non-T, non-B, nonmonocytic cell type was required for NK cell–mediated killing of virus-infected cells or tumor cell lines.