What foods produce trimethylamine?
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide) is produced by gut bacteria from choline, lecithin, and L-carnitine-rich foods (mainly fish, meat, egg, and dairy). High levels are associated with heart disease, hardening of the arteries, diabetes, and colon cancer. However, the role of TMAO in these diseases is still controversial.
Does choline increase TMAO?
Ingestion of choline supplements has been linked to an increased concentration of a compound called TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide). Elevated TMAO levels have been linked to higher heart disease risk.
How do I lower my trimethylamine?
By minimizing the consumption of full-fat dairy products (including whole milk, egg yolk, cream cheese, and butter); both processed and unprocessed red meat (beef, pork, lamb, and veal), as well as nutritional supplements and energy drinks containing choline, phosphatidylcholine, and/or L-carnitine.
What foods contain TMA?
TMAO (or trimethylamine N-oxide) is a metabolite produced by gut bacteria. Briefly, nutrients such as phosphatidylcholine (also known as lecithin), choline, and L-carnitine are abundant in animal-derived products such as red meat, egg yolk and full-fat dairy products.
What antibiotics treat trimethylamine?
Antibiotics (metronidazole, amoxicillin, and neomycin) to suppress production of trimethylamine by reducing bacteria in the gut; Riboflavin supplements to enhance residual FMO3 enzyme activity.
Does acetyl L-carnitine increase TMAO levels?
Increased plasma trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels have been associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). L-carnitine induces TMAO elevation in human blood, and thus, it has been suggested as developing atherosclerosis.
Do eggs contain choline?
Many vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and dairy products contain choline. Fish, beef, poultry, eggs, and some beans and nuts are rich sources of choline.
How much choline is too much?
3,500 mg per day
Consuming too much choline has been associated with unpleasant and potentially harmful side effects. These include drops in blood pressure, sweating, fishy body odor, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting ( 65 ). The daily upper limit for adults is 3,500 mg per day.
Do probiotics reduce TMAO?
TMA is transformed by intestinal flora from TMA-containing nutrients, such as choline. Some small molecular agents lower serum TMAO and/or cecal TMA levels. However, probiotics that can effectively reduce serum TMAO levels are currently lacking.
Do vegetables produce TMAO?
TMAO levels in the blood significantly increase after eating TMAO-rich food such as fish and vegetables. In addition, the liver produces TMAO from trimethylamine (TMA), a substance made by gut bacteria.
Does salmon contain trimethylamine?
Fish may also affect gut microbiota due to its content of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), found in various fish species including Atlantic salmon and Atlantic cod [28].
What enzyme breaks down trimethylamine?
The FMO3 enzyme, which is made chiefly in the liver, is responsible for breaking down nitrogen-containing compounds derived from the diet. One of these compounds is trimethylamine, which is the molecule that gives fish their fishy smell.
What is the best source of choline?
Eggs are one of the best sources of choline, with 1 egg providing 147 mg. This means that eating just 2 eggs per day covers 54% of the Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) ( 3 ). The choline content of an egg is almost entirely concentrated in the yolk.
What is choline (methyl groups)?
This is a fact sheet intended for health professionals. For a reader-friendly overview of Choline, see our consumer fact sheet on Choline. Choline is an essential nutrient that is naturally present in some foods and available as a dietary supplement. Choline is a source of methyl groups needed for many steps in metabolism.
What is trimethylamine (TMA)?
Trimethylamine (TMA) is a volatile tertiary aliphatic amine that is derived from the diet either directly from the consumption of foods containing TMA, or by the intake of food containing precursors to TMA such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMNO), choline and L-carnitine.
Does choline increase the risk of heart disease?
Other research suggests that higher dietary choline might increase cardiovascular disease risk because some choline and other dietary ingredients, such as carnitine, are converted to trimethylamine (TMA) by intestinal bacteria.