Which is the main metastatic pathway of gastric cancer?
Major routes of distant metastasis in gastric cancer: intraperitoneal, lymphatic and haematogenous spread, and direct invasion into neighbouring organs. Common sites of metastases: spleen, pancreas, colon, liver, peritoneum, ovary, lymph nodes, lung and bone.
What are the main aetiologies of gastric cancer?
Causes of stomach cancer smoking tobacco. being aged over 60. infection with the bacteria Helicobacter pylori. a diet high in smoked, pickled and salted foods and low in fresh fruit and vegetables.
What are the three major macroscopic growth patterns of gastric carcinoma?
Grossly, early gastric carcinoma is divided into Type I for the tumor with protruding growth, Type II with superficial growth, Type III with excavating growth, and Type IV for infiltrating growth with lateral spreading.
What percentage of intestinal metaplasia turns into cancer?
In a retrospective study in Slovenia on cancer registry, the cumulative incidences of gastric cancer in those patients previously diagnosed with IM were 1.3% in complete IM-type I, 2.8% in incomplete IM-type II and 9.8% in incomplete IM-type III patients[53].
Where does gastric cancer spread first?
The most common place for stomach cancer to spread is to the liver. It can also spread to the lungs, to lymph nodes or to the tissue lining the abdominal cavity (peritoneum).
How does gastric carcinoma spread?
Cancer of the stomach can spread directly, via lymphatics, or hematogenously. Features of spread include the following: Direct extension into the omenta, pancreas, diaphragm, transverse colon or mesocolon, and duodenum is common.
How many types of stomach cancer are there?
There are 2 main types of stomach adenocarcinomas: The intestinal type tends to have a slightly better prognosis (outlook). The cancer cells are more likely to have certain gene changes that might allow for treatment with targeted drug therapy. The diffuse type tends to grow spread more quickly.
What are the two major histological types of gastric carcinoma?
Lauren P: The two histological main types of gastric carcinoma: diffuse and so called intestinal-type carcinoma.
Does gastric intestinal metaplasia always lead to cancer?
It’s not cancer, but it’s a step toward it. Cells that have transformed once are more likely to transform again. If they go through another stage of transformation, known as dysplasia, they will become precancerous cells.
How long does it take for intestinal metaplasia to turn into cancer?
GIM is asymptomatic. Time to develop cancer has been reported to be 4.6–7 years.23, 29, 30 A European guideline in 2019 recommends regular surveillance for early cancer as the main management for GIM. In Asia, screening for early gastric cancer remains a prevalent approach.
What is Correa’s cascade in gastric cancer?
Correa’s Cascade, a model for the histologic progression towards gastric cancer. Infection with Helicobacter pylori is the single most common etiologic environmental factor that precipitates the cascade. Source publication Diagnosis and Management of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia: Current Status and Future Directions
What is the pathophysiology of invasive gastric carcinoma?
Learn more. Invasive gastric carcinoma is preceded by a cascade of precancerous lesions. The first recognized histologic change is active chronic inflammation, which may persist as such: non-atrophic chronic gastritis (no gland loss), or advance to multifocal atrophic gastritis (MAG), the first real step in the precancerous cascade.
What is Correa’s Cascade?
Correa’s Cascade, a model for the histologic progression towards gastric cancer. Infection with Helicobacter pylori is the single most common etiologic environmental factor that precipitates the cascade. Source publication Diagnosis and Management of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia: Current Status and Future Directions Article Full-text available
Is intestinal metaplasia associated with increased risk of gastric cancer?
The inflammatory changes, although frequent, are not specific and are not associated with increased gastric cancer risk. The next stage in the cascade is the loss of glands (MAG) that eventually may be replaced by epithelium with intestinal phenotype. The incomplete type of intestinal metaplasia is clearly associated with a high cancer risk.