Which virus is associated with microcephaly?
Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly. During pregnancy, a baby’s head grows because the baby’s brain grows.
What infections can cause microcephaly?
Causes of congenital microcephaly include: Prenatal infections: Exposure to the Zika virus, especially in the first trimester of pregnancy, can damage nerve cells in the brain. Other infectious agents can also cause microcephaly, including rubella (German measles), chickenpox, toxoplasma, and cytomegalovirus.
What infections are associated with microcephaly and ocular anomalies?
There is now scientific consensus that Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly. We do not know if a newborn who gets Zika virus infection around the time of birth will develop microcephaly after birth.
What is Yoder syndrome?
Yoder Dystonia also known as Nephrocerebellar syndrome (NCS) and Galloway-Mowat syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive condition characterized by microcephaly, central nervous system abnormalities resulting in severe intellectual disability, and nephrosis.
When is microcephaly usually diagnosed?
Often, microcephaly is not obvious on an ultrasound until late in pregnancy. In these cases, microcephaly will be diagnosed at birth or later in infancy when the baby’s head circumference is smaller than normal for her age and gender.
When does microcephaly happen?
Microcephaly is a condition where a baby’s head is much smaller than expected. During pregnancy, a baby’s head grows because the baby’s brain grows. Microcephaly can occur because a baby’s brain has not developed properly during pregnancy or has stopped growing after birth, which results in a smaller head size.
How does Zika lead to microcephaly?
By preferentially destroying radial glial cells, Zika virus can produce severe microcephaly. Evolutionary changes such as mutations or recombination events might be responsible for the increased virulence and a new spectrum of Zika disease. Recombination events were reported to occur in different Zika viral strains.
Does Zika always cause microcephaly?
Of the pregnant people infected with Zika virus, studies show that just 5%-14% give birth to children with signs of congenital Zika syndrome (which can cause developmental issues with their brains and vision), and a 4%-6% subset have children with microcephaly.
What is Jalili syndrome?
Jalili syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive condition, comprising CORD in association with AI. Ocular symptoms reflecting predominantly cone photoreceptor dysfunction usually manifest in early childhood/infancy with photophobia, nystagmus, reduced visual acuity, and color vision defects.
How do you diagnose microcephaly?
To diagnose microcephaly after birth, a healthcare provider will measure the distance around a newborn baby’s head, also called the head circumference, during a physical exam. The provider then compares this measurement to population standards by sex and age.
What are the signs and symptoms of microcephaly?
The primary sign of microcephaly is: Head size is measured as the distance around the top of the child’s head (circumference). Using standardized growth charts, the measurement is compared with other children’s measurements in percentiles.
What is the prognosis of microcephaly?
Microcephaly is a lifelong condition with no known cure. The prognosis is usually worse for children who experienced an intrauterine infection or have a chromosomal or metabolic abnormality. Zika virus has rapidly spread since 2015, and maternal infection with this virus is associated with microcephaly and other serious brain abnormalities.
What are the symptoms of pneumonia without bacteremia or empyema?
Pneumonia without bacteremia or empyema is not considered to be “invasive” disease. The incubation period of pneumococcal pneumonia is short, about 1 to 3 days. Symptoms generally include an abrupt onset of fever and chills or rigors. Typically, there is a single rigor, and repeated shaking chills are uncommon. Other common symptoms include
What are the signs and symptoms of bacterial pneumonia?
The clinical manifestations of this infection are similar to other forms of bacterial pneumonia. However the illness is often severe, being associated with high fever and a slow response to conventional therapy. A chest x ray can demonstrate patchy infiltrates or dense diffuse opacifications.